The main difference more recently has come with direct injection and the insertion of an injector into each combustion chamber as well as a spark plug. Honda split the difference in the 1970s with the Honda Civic’s three-valve-per-cylinder engines – two inlet valves per cylinder and one exhaust – giving most of the advantage of four valves, but using only one camshaft to keep cost down. The idea isn’t new, first appearing in cars in the early 1900s. The downsides are that four-valve layouts require many more parts and more complex machining than two-valve, and back in the day that restricted use of the design to more exotic engines. Multiple valves also give designers more scope to improve swirl in the combustion chamber, needed for fuel-air mixing, and the smaller components are lighter, which is an advantage when they have to move faster. Under the skin: How tyres are changing for electric cars.Under the skin: How does steer-by-wire work?.Under the skin: how rare earth metals are used in electric cars.Under the skin: What are modern tyres made of?.
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